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Crude Drug and its Classification :-  Crude drugs are substances obtained from natural resources like plants, animals, and minerals, used for preventing, diagnosing, treating, or relieving symptoms of diseases or abnormal conditions. They are classified as organized (cellular) or unorganized (acellular) based on their cellular structure. Organized drugs are solid, semi-solid, or liquid, while unorganized drugs are organs of plants or animals. They are classified based on physical characteristics such as solubility, density, optical rotation, and refractive index. Crude drugs are classified alphabetically, chemically, morphologically, taxonomically, and pharmacognostically.  What is Drug ? A drug is any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Define crude drug? Crude drug are define as the drug which are obtain from natural resources like plants, animals, minerals and they are used  as suc...

M.Sc Botany short questions and answers   Phycology & Mycology questions and answers 1) Name one group that shows character of pit-plug ultrastructure ? Ans. Rhodophyta. 2) Write the algal classification proposed by Robert Edward Lee (2008) ?  3) Describe in details: endosymbiotic Theory. 4) What is cyanelle and cyanome ? Ans. The glaucophytes are algae that are said to have endosymbiotic cyanobacteria in the cytoplasm instead of chloroplasts.  In the endosymbiotic association that prevails the cyanobacteria is name cyanelle, the host is named cyanome and the association is named syncyanosis. 5) What is amphiesma ? Ans. The collection of cell surface features is called amphiesma, it includes thecal plates, peripheral vesicles & microtubules. 6) What is Stromatolites ? Ans.   Stromatolites  are defined as mineral structures built by microorganisms. The name stromatolite derives from the Greek terms  stroma  (layer) and  litho  (stone...

M. Sc. Botany short questions and answers Microbiology & Immunology questions and answers Very short (1 marks questions) 1) What is viroid ? Mention one disease caused by this agent. Ans.   Viroids are infectious RNA molecules that differ from viruses in that they lack protein. Viroids are small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that are the smallest known pathogens. They range in size from 246 to 399 nucleotides and show a considerable degree of sequence homology to each other, suggesting that they have common evolutionary roots.  Viroids cause a number of important plant diseases and can have a severe agricultural impact (Figure 9.24). A few well-studied viroids include coconut cadang-cadang viroid ( 246 nucleotides ) and potato spindle tuber viroid ( 359 nucleotides ). No viroids are known that infect animals or microorganisms. 2) What is CFU ?  Ans. Colony Forming Units ( CFU ) : The number of microorganisms that can form colonies when cultured using s...